George Pullman
George Pullman has been teaching rhetoric and critical thinking at Georgia State since the fall of 1990. (His vita).


Sophisticated Skepticism

Sophisticated skepticism is a radical form or rhetoric which avoids nihilism by accpeting provisional decisions while at the same time remaining open to questioning the given, either for intellectual exercise or when new evidence arrives. It is anti-dogma and anti-doxa. It presupposes equality and mutual respect. It also requires that you don't let your anger or your desire or any emotion really interfere with the conversation. This sort of calm detachment is today sometimes seen as condescension or privilege, as requiring a set of values that only a specific economic and social standing can provide and thus ultimately a trap for all those who don't belong, oppression in the guise of "reason."

I think those values ("reason") can be taught and learning how to express them is part of learning delivery. But I openly acknowledge that I am not very good at expressing those values even though by all appearances they should be my default -- large white man with graying hair and a deep voice. My thoughts are often too quickly derailed by emotions and when that happens, I shut down, a fatal rhetorical flaw. These unwanted emotional responses are triggered by taking things personally I have no reason to take personally; it's a consequence of a form of narcissism, not the dark triad type but the self-absorbed, neurotic type. That is why I shut down, because I know my first response might be regrettable. My rhetorical training tells me that emotions are tools, tools that should be harnessed, but I'm not good at it because I am too self-reflective. Perhaps if I hadn't learned to write I might be a better rhetor.

The adjetive "sophisticated" is a nod to the original sophists, the thinkers Plato didn't always paint in the best light. Gorgias' division of words from thoughts from experiences and Protagoras' abolition of the criterion (man is the measure) and his agnosticism.

Sophisticated skepticism is difficult to maintain because in principle you need to accept for discussion ideas you vehemently oppose and accept the legitimate risk of changing your mind about them. This takes real courage and not just a combative spirit or a competative mind-set.